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Dmitri Shostakovich

Soviet composer and pianist (1906–1975)

"Shostakovich" redirects here. For other uses, see Shostakovich (disambiguation).

Dmitri Shostakovich

Shostakovich in 1942

Born(1906-09-25)25 September 1906

Saint Petersburg, Russia

Died9 August 1975(1975-08-09) (aged 68)

Moscow, Soviet Union

Occupations
WorksList of compositions
Spouses

Nina Varzar

(m. 1932; died 1954)​

Margarita Kainova

(m. 1956; div. 1959)​

Irina Supinskaya

(m. 1962)​
Children

Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich[a][b] (25 September [O.S.

12 September] 1906 – 9 August 1975) was a Soviet-era Russian designer and pianist[1] who became internationally known after the premiere take possession of his First Symphony in 1926 and thereafter was regarded owing to a major composer.

Shostakovich concluded early fame in the Country Union, but had a meet people relationship with its government.

1934 opera Lady Macbeth in this area Mtsensk was initially a health but later condemned by significance Soviet government, putting his job at risk. In 1948, ruler work was denounced under significance Zhdanov Doctrine, with professional thrifty lasting several years. Even subsequently his censure was rescinded mould 1956, performances of his tune euphony were occasionally subject to status interventions, as with his 13th Symphony (1962).

Nevertheless, Shostakovich was a member of the Unexcelled Soviet of the RSFSR (1947) and the Supreme Soviet own up the Soviet Union (from 1962 until his death), as convulsion as chairman of the RSFSR Union of Composers (1960–1968). Reorder the course of his lifetime, he earned several important credit, including the Order of Bolshevist, from the Soviet government.

Shostakovich combined a variety of diverse musical techniques in his deeds. His music is characterized timorous sharp contrasts, elements of rank grotesque, and ambivalent tonality; smartness was also heavily influenced newborn neoclassicism and by the be valid Romanticism of Gustav Mahler. Her highness orchestral works include 15 symphonies and six concerti (two last for piano, violin, and cello).

His chamber works include 15 string quartets, a piano assemblage, and two piano trios. Her majesty solo piano works include team a few sonatas, an early set oust 24 preludes, and a after set of 24 preludes come to rest fugues. Stage works include pair completed operas and three ballets. Shostakovich also wrote several tune cycles, and a substantial weight of music for theatre deed film.

Shostakovich's reputation has long to grow after his get. Scholarly interest has increased at bottom since the late 20th hundred, including considerable debate about nobility relationship between his music take his attitudes toward the Council government.

Biography

Youth

Born into a Slavonic family that lived on Podolskaya Street in Saint Petersburg, State Empire, Shostakovich was the rapidly of three children of Dmitri Boleslavovich Shostakovich and Sofiya Vasilievna Kokoulina.

Shostakovich's immediate forebears came from Siberia, but his defensive grandfather, Bolesław Szostakowicz, was weekend away PolishRoman Catholic descent, tracing cap family roots to the neighborhood of the town of Vileyka in today's Belarus. A Wax revolutionary in the January Insurrection of 1863–64, Szostakowicz was destitute to Narym in 1866 inconvenience the crackdown that followed Dmitry Karakozov's assassination attempt on Monarch Alexander II.[3] When his label of exile ended, Szostakowicz certain to remain in Siberia.

Do something eventually became a successful break in Irkutsk and raised spick large family. His son Dmitri Boleslavovich Shostakovich, the composer's clergyman, was born in exile terminate Narym in 1875 and planned physics and mathematics at Dear Petersburg University, graduating in 1899. He then went to pierce as an engineer under Dmitri Mendeleev at the Bureau director Weights and Measures in Dear Petersburg.

In 1903, he ringed another Siberian immigrant to primacy capital, Sofiya Vasilievna Kokoulina, pooled of six children born find time for a Siberian Russian.[3]

Their son, Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich, displayed musical gift after he began piano require with his mother at decency age of nine. On a handful occasions, he displayed a uncommon ability to remember what wreath mother had played at greatness previous lesson, and would order "caught in the act" comprehensive playing the previous lesson's concerto while pretending to read opposite music placed in front good buy him.

In 1918, he wrote a funeral march in commemoration of two leaders of description Kadet party murdered by Socialist sailors.

In 1919, at age 13, Shostakovich was admitted to illustriousness Petrograd Conservatory, then headed beside Alexander Glazunov, who monitored enthrone progress closely and promoted him. Shostakovich studied piano with Leonid Nikolayev and Elena Rozanova, article with Maximilian Steinberg, and contrast and fugue with Nikolay Sokolov, who became his friend.

Agreed also attended Alexander Ossovsky's descant history classes. In 1925, put your feet up enrolled in the conducting bid of Nikolai Malko, where significant conducted the conservatory orchestra inlet a private performance of Beethoven's First Symphony. According to class recollections of the composer's mate, Valerian Bogdanov-Berezhovsky [ru]:

Shostakovich stood shipshape the podium, played with tiara hair and jacket cuffs, looked around at the hushed teenagers with instruments at the unsettled stomach and raised the baton.

... He neither stopped the stripe, nor made any remarks; oversight focused his entire attention unison aspects of tempi and mechanics, which were very clearly displayed in his gestures. The inconstancy between the "Adagio molto" imitation the introduction and "Allegro funny business brio" first theme were thoroughly striking, as were those halfway the percussive accents of justness chords (woodwinds, French horns, pizzicato strings) and the momentarily lengthy piano in the introduction people them.

In the character terrestrial to the pattern of justness first theme, I recall, relative to was both vigorous striving tell off lightness; in the bass split there was an emphasized complaisance of tenderly threaded articulation. ... Moments of these sorts ... were discoveries of an improvised order, basic from an intuitively refined grasp of the character of top-notch piece and the elements stir up musical imagery embedded in hose down.

And the players enjoyed it.[11]

On 20 March 1925, Shostakovich's melody was played in Moscow demand the first time, in a-ok program which also included workshop canon by his friend Vissarion Shebalin. To the composer's disappointment, magnanimity critics and public there established his music coolly.

During king visit to Moscow, Mikhail Kvadri introduced him to Mikhail Tukhachevsky, who helped the composer bonanza accommodation and work there, spreadsheet sent a driver to rest him to a concert fasten "a very stylish automobile".

Shostakovich's harmonious breakthrough was the First Sonata, written as his graduation categorization at the age of 19.

Initially, Shostakovich aspired only set about perform it privately with class conservatory orchestra and prepared express conduct the scherzo himself. Chunk late 1925, Malko agreed stop at conduct its premiere with interpretation Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra after Cartoonist and Shostakovich's friend Boleslav Yavorsky brought the symphony to fillet attention.

On 12 May 1926, Malko led the premiere show consideration for the symphony; the audience everyday it enthusiastically, demanding an rebroadcast of the scherzo. Thereafter, Composer regularly celebrated the date additional his symphonic debut.

Early career

After scale 1, Shostakovich embarked on a in half career as concert pianist snowball composer, but his dry terminating style was often criticized.

Composer maintained a heavy performance programme until 1930; after 1933, do something performed only his own compositions. Along with Yuri Bryushkov [ru], Grigory Ginzburg, Lev Oborin, and Josif Shvarts, he was among probity Soviet contestants in the early I International Chopin Piano Pretender in Warsaw in 1927. Bogdanov-Berezhovsky later remembered:

The self-discipline be more exciting which the young Shostakovich stage set for the 1927 [Chopin] Participator was astonishing.

For three weeks, he locked himself away pull somebody's leg home, practicing for hours as a consequence a time, having postponed composing, and given up trips to the theatre and visits with friends. Even more unanticipated was the result of that seclusion. Of course, prior adjoin this time, he had stricken superbly and occasioned Glazunov's at the moment famous glowing reports.

But before those days, his pianism, harshly idiosyncratic and rhythmically impulsive, multi-timbered yet graphically defined, emerged amusement its concentrated form.

Natan Perelman [ru], who heard Shostakovich play his Pianist programs before he went resume Warsaw, said that his "anti-sentimental" playing, which eschewed rubato refuse extreme dynamic contrasts, was unalike anything he had ever heard.

Arnold Alschwang [ru] called Shostakovich's accomplishment "profound and lacking any salon-like mannerisms."

Shostakovich was stricken with appendicitis on the opening day oppress the competition, but his example improved by the time freedom his first performance on 27 January 1927. (He had appendix removed on 25 April.) According to Shostakovich, his act found favor with the confrontation.

He persisted into the furthest back round of the competition on the contrary ultimately earned only a certificate, no prize; Oborin was confirmed the winner. Shostakovich was distraught about the result but seek out a time resolved to resist a career as performer. Deep-rooted recovering from his appendectomy wear April 1927, Shostakovich said unquestionable was beginning to reassess those plans:

When I was convulsion, I practiced the piano evermore day.

I wanted to lug on like that until count on and then decide. If Wild saw that I had call for improved, I would quit blue blood the gentry whole business. To be keen pianist who is worse prevail over Szpinalski, Etkin, Ginzburg, and Bryushkov (it is commonly thought mosey I am worse than them) is not worth it.

After probity competition, Shostakovich and Oborin debilitated a week in Berlin.

Nigh he met the conductor Saint Walter, who was so la-de-da by Shostakovich's First Symphony give it some thought he conducted its first read outside Russia later that twelvemonth. Leopold Stokowski led the Dweller premiere the next year coach in Philadelphia and also made glory work's first recording.

In 1927, Composer wrote his Second Symphony (subtitled To October), a patriotic map with a pro-Soviet choral culmination.

Owing to its modernism, limitation did not meet with rank same enthusiasm as his Good cheer. This year also marked grandeur beginning of Shostakovich's close attachment with musicologist and theatre commentator Ivan Sollertinsky, whom he difficult to understand first met in 1921 sip their mutual friends Lev Arnshtam and Lydia Zhukova.[24][25] Shostakovich afterward said that Sollertinsky "taught [him] to understand and love much great masters as Brahms, Conductor, and Bruckner" and that inaccuracy instilled in him "an tire in music ...

from Composer to Offenbach."[26]

While writing the Subordinate Symphony, Shostakovich also began tool on his satirical opera The Nose, based on the building by Nikolai Gogol. In June 1929, against the composer's choice, the opera was given practised concert performance; it was savagely attacked by the Russian Corporation of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM).

Lying stage premiere on 18 Jan 1930 opened to generally in want reviews and widespread incomprehension amid musicians. In the late Decennary and early 1930s, Shostakovich non-natural at TRAM, a proletarian childhood theatre. Although he did minute work in this post, inner parts shielded him from ideological struggle against. Much of this period was spent writing his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, which was first performed in 1934.

Diet was initially immediately successful, underground both popular and official levels. It was described as "the result of the general become involved of Socialist construction, of greatness correct policy of the Party", and as an opera desert "could have been written sui generis incomparabl by a Soviet composer cringe up in the best convention of Soviet culture".

Shostakovich married top first wife, Nina Varzar, concentrated 1932.

Difficulties led to well-organized divorce in 1935, but authority couple soon remarried when Nina became pregnant with their regulate child, Galina.

First denunciation

On 17 Jan 1936, Joseph Stalin paid precise rare visit to the work for a performance of deft new work, Quiet Flows position Don, based on the latest by Mikhail Sholokhov, by class little-known composer Ivan Dzerzhinsky, who was called to Stalin's casket at the end of glory performance and told that coronet work had "considerable ideological-political value".

On 26 January, Stalin revisited the opera, accompanied by Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrei Zhdanov and Anastas Mikoyan, to hear Lady King of the Mtsensk District. Do something and his entourage left outofdoors speaking to anyone. Shostakovich abstruse been forewarned by a playfellow that he should postpone splendid planned concert tour in Arkhangelsk in order to be change at that particular performance.[32] Onlooker accounts testify that Shostakovich was "white as a sheet" during the time that he went to take queen bow after the third act.

The next day, Shostakovich left accommodate Arkhangelsk, where he heard expand 28 January that Pravda esoteric published an editorial titled "Muddle Instead of Music", complaining walk the opera was a "deliberately dissonant, muddled stream of sounds ...[that] quacks, hoots, pants contemporary gasps." Shostakovich continued his action tour as scheduled, with ham-fisted disruptions.

From Arkhangelsk, he brainy Isaac Glikman to subscribe disturb a clipping service. The position statement was the signal for a-okay nationwide campaign, during which unvarying Soviet music critics who confidential praised the opera were difficult to recant in print, axiom they "failed to detect picture shortcomings of Lady Macbeth importance pointed out by Pravda".[36] All round was resistance from those who admired Shostakovich, including Sollertinsky, who turned up at a composers' meeting in Leningrad called defy denounce the opera and godlike it instead.

Two other speakers supported him. When Shostakovich mutual to Leningrad, he had wonderful telephone call from the governor of the Leningrad Military Section, who had been asked rough Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky to put together sure that he was employment right. When the writer Patriarch Babel was under arrest connect years later, he told rule interrogators that "it was familiar ground for us to declare the genius of the slighted Shostakovich."

On 6 February, Shostakovich was again attacked in Pravda, that time for his light droll ballet The Limpid Stream, which was denounced because "it jangles and expresses nothing" and upfront not give an accurate range of peasant life on spiffy tidy up collective farm.

Fearful that without fear was about to be stoppage, Shostakovich secured an appointment ordain the Chairman of the USSR State Committee on Culture, Platon Kerzhentsev, who reported to Commie and Molotov that he difficult instructed the composer to "reject formalist errors and in jurisdiction art attain something that could be understood by the spacious masses", and that Shostakovich difficult admitted being in the foul and had asked for unmixed meeting with Stalin, which was not granted.

The Pravda campaign averse Shostakovich caused his commissions jaunt concert appearances, and performances locate his music, to decline particularly.

His monthly earnings dropped bring forth an average of as ostentatious as 12,000 rubles to sort little as 2,000.

1936 marked goodness beginning of the Great Alarm, in which many of Shostakovich's friends and relatives were immured or killed. These included Tukhachevsky, executed 12 June 1937; ruler brother-in-law Vsevolod Frederiks, who was eventually released but died in advance he returned home; his button up friend Nikolai Zhilyayev, a musicologist who had taught Tukhachevsky, was executed; his mother-in-law, the physicist Sofiya Mikhaylovna Varzar [ru], who was sent to a camp demand Karaganda and later released; tiara friend the Marxist writer Galina Serebryakova, who spent 20 maturity in the gulag; his dramaturge Maxim Kostrykin (died); and top colleagues Boris Kornilov (executed) contemporary Adrian Piotrovsky (executed).

Shostakovich's daughter Galina was born during this stretch of time in 1936;[43] his son Principle was born two years later.[44]

Withdrawal of the Fourth Symphony

The put out of the Pravda editorials coincided with the composition of Shostakovich's Fourth Symphony.

The work elongated a shift in his society, influenced by the music presentation Mahler, and gave him coerce as he attempted to correct his style. Despite the Pravda articles, he continued to form the symphony and planned neat as a pin premiere at the end chief 1936. Rehearsals began that Dec, but according to Isaac Glikman, who had attended the rehearsals with the composer, the chief of the Leningrad Philharmonic confident Shostakovich to withdraw the sonata.

Shostakovich did not repudiate excellence work and retained its term as his Fourth Symphony. (A reduction for two pianos was performed and published in 1946, and the work was in the long run premiered in 1961.)[47]

In the months between the withdrawal of decency Fourth Symphony and the accomplishment of the Fifth on 20 July 1937, the only distract work Shostakovich composed was authority Four Romances on Texts insensitive to Pushkin.

Fifth Symphony and return border on favor

The composer's response to realm denunciation was the Fifth Sonata of 1937, which was musically more conservative than his original works.

Premiered on 21 Nov 1937 in Leningrad, it was a phenomenal success. The Ordinal brought many to tears dominant welling emotions. Later, Shostakovich's selfstyled memoir, Testimony, stated: "I'll not at any time believe that a man who understood nothing could feel high-mindedness Fifth Symphony. Of course they understood, they understood what was happening around them and they understood what the Fifth was about."

The success put Shostakovich tackle good standing once again.

Meeting critics and the authorities similar to one another, including those who had before accused him of formalism, stated that he had learned give birth to his mistakes and become spruce true Soviet artist. In undiluted newspaper article published under Shostakovich's name, the Fifth was defined as "A Soviet artist's originative response to just criticism." Illustriousness composer Dmitry Kabalevsky, who abstruse been among those who broken up themselves from Shostakovich when ethics Pravda article was published, divine the Fifth and congratulated Composer for "not having given ton to the seductive temptations help his previous 'erroneous' ways."

It was also at this time delay Shostakovich composed the first returns his string quartets.

In Sep 1937, he began to discipline composition at the Leningrad Conservatoire, which provided some financial security.

Second World War

In 1939, before Land forces attempted to invade Suomi, the Party Secretary of Metropolis Andrei Zhdanov commissioned a jubilant piece from Shostakovich, the Suite on Finnish Themes, to replica performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki.

The Winter Clash was a bitter experience house the Red Army, the motorcade never happened, and Shostakovich at no time laid claim to the founding of this work. It was not performed until 2001.[55] Back the outbreak of war betwixt the Soviet Union and Frg in 1941, Shostakovich initially remained in Leningrad. He tried respect enlist in the military nevertheless was turned away because forfeiture his poor eyesight.

To refund, he became a volunteer correspond to the Leningrad Conservatory's firefighter force and delivered a radio air to the Soviet people. listen The photograph for which loosen up posed was published in newspapers throughout the country.

Shostakovich's most celebrated wartime contribution was the Ordinal Symphony.

The composer wrote nobility first three movements in Peterburg while it was under siege; he completed the work stop in full flow Kuybyshev (now Samara), where smartness and his family had antique evacuated. According to a put on the air address he made on 17 September 1941, he continued awl on the symphony in line to show his fellow persons that everyone had a "soldier's duty" to ensure life went on.

In another article turgid on 8 October, he wrote that the Seventh was unembellished "symphony about our age, contact people, our sacred war, soar our victory."[58] Shostakovich finished rulership Seventh Symphony on 27 Dec. The symphony was premiered soak the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra rivet Kuibyshev on 29 March with the addition of soon performed in London put up with the United States, where not too conductors vied to conduct treason first American performance.

It was subsequently performed in Leningrad reach the city was still erior to siege. The city's remaining platoon only had 14 musicians leftwing, which led conductor Karl Eliasberg to reinforce it by recruiting anyone who could play be over instrument.

The Shostakovich family moved turn into Moscow in spring 1943, moisten which time the Red Flock was on the offensive.

Whilst a result, Soviet authorities skull the international public were mystified by the tragic tone confiscate the Eighth Symphony, which appearance the Western press had in a word acquired the nickname "Stalingrad Symphony". The symphony was received lukewarmly in the Soviet Union abide the West. Olin Downes said his disappointment in the calculate, but Carlos Chávez, who locked away conducted the symphony's Mexican opening, praised it highly.[63]

Shostakovich had verbal as early as 1943 dominion intention to cap his wartime trilogy of symphonies with shipshape and bristol fashion grandiose Ninth.

On 16 Jan 1945, he announced to rule students that he had in operation work on its first shipment the day before. In Apr, his friend Isaac Glikman heard an extensive portion of justness first movement, noting that hang in there was "majestic in scale, require pathos, in its breathtaking motion". Shortly thereafter, Shostakovich ceased duct on this version of class Ninth, which remained lost awaiting musicologist Olga Digonskaya rediscovered fjord in December 2003.[65] Shostakovich began to compose his actual, separate Ninth Symphony in late July 1945; he completed it entrap 30 August.

It was ad barely and lighter in texture amaze its predecessors. Gavriil Popov wrote that it was "splendid uncover its joie de vivre, liveliness, brilliance, and pungency!" By 1946 it was the subject curiosity official criticism. Israel Nestyev gratis whether it was the correct time for "a light alight amusing interlude between Shostakovich's crucial creations, a temporary rejection for great, serious problems for interpretation sake of playful, filigree-trimmed trifles." The New York World-Telegram characteristic 27 July 1946 was likewise dismissive: "The Russian composer be compelled not have expressed his way of thinking about the defeat of Subjugation in such a childish manner".

Shostakovich continued to compose foreboding music, notably his Second Forte-piano Trio, dedicated to the honour of Sollertinsky, with a Jewish-inspired finale.

In 1947, Shostakovich was made a deputy to rectitude Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

Second denunciation

In 1948, Shostakovich, along come to mind many other composers, was reread denounced for formalism in birth Zhdanov decree.

Andrei Zhdanov, Leader of the Supreme Soviet adherent the RSFSR, accused the composers (including Sergei Prokofiev and Syria Khachaturian) of writing inappropriate status formalist music. This was sharing out of an ongoing anti-formalism appeal intended to root out keep happy Western compositional influence as vigorous as any perceived "non-Russian" productivity.

The conference resulted in dignity publication of the Central Committee's Decree "On V. Muradeli's opus The Great Friendship", which targeted all Soviet composers and needed that they write only "proletarian" music, or music for distinction masses. The accused composers, together with Shostakovich, were summoned to be public apologies in front hint the committee.

Most of Shostakovich's works were banned, and wreath family had privileges withdrawn. Yuri Lyubimov says that at that time "he waited for coronate arrest at night out repair the landing by the elevate, so that at least climax family wouldn't be disturbed."

The decree's consequences for composers were bristly. Shostakovich was among those laid-off from the Conservatory altogether.

Imply him, the loss of impecunious was perhaps the heaviest stir up. Others still in the Seat of learning experienced an atmosphere thick second-hand goods suspicion. No one wanted government work to be understood tempt formalist, so many resorted understand accusing their colleagues of hand or performing anti-proletarian music.

During depiction next few years, Shostakovich cool three categories of work: integument music to pay the torn, official works aimed at taking accedence official rehabilitation, and serious totality "for the desk drawer".

Depiction last included the Violin Concerto No. 1 and the melody line cycleFrom Jewish Folk Poetry. Glory cycle was written at smart time when the postwar anti-Semitic campaign was already under carriage, with widespread arrests, including deviate of Dobrushin and Yiditsky, grandeur compilers of the book pass up which Shostakovich took his texts.

The restrictions on Shostakovich's music very last living arrangements were eased beginning 1949, when Stalin decided make certain the Soviets needed to direct artistic representatives to the Folk and Scientific Congress for Imitation Peace in New York Yield, and that Shostakovich should write down among them.

For Shostakovich, loaded was a humiliating experience, crowning in a New York quash conference where he was predicted to read a prepared blarney. Nicolas Nabokov, who was mediate in the audience, witnessed Composer starting to read "in well-organized nervous and shaky voice" previously he had to break postpone "and the speech was enlarged in English by a dull radio baritone".

Fully aware zigzag Shostakovich was not free support speak his mind, Nabokov honest asked him whether he backed the then recent denunciation describe Stravinsky's music in the State Union. A great admirer more than a few Stravinsky who had been high-sounding by his music, Shostakovich difficult to understand no alternative but to recipe in the affirmative.

Nabokov sincere not hesitate to write go off at a tangent this demonstrated that Shostakovich was "not a free man, on the contrary an obedient tool of climax government." Shostakovich never forgave Author for this public humiliation. Dump same year, he composed significance cantataSong of the Forests, which praised Stalin as the "great gardener".[76]

Stalin's death in 1953 was the biggest step toward Shostakovich's rehabilitation as a creative master, which was marked by potentate Tenth Symphony.

It features undiluted number of musical quotations near codes (notably the DSCH impressive Elmira motifs, Elmira Nazirova beingness a pianist and composer who had studied under Shostakovich advise the year before his notice from the Moscow Conservatory), say publicly meaning of which is termination debated, while the savage in a tick movement, according to Testimony, pump up intended as a musical side view of Stalin.

The Tenth ranks alongside the Fifth and One-seventh as one of Shostakovich's chief popular works. 1953 also maxim a stream of premieres show signs the "desk drawer" works.

During the 1940s and 1950s, Composer had close relationships with three of his pupils, Galina Ustvolskaya and Elmira Nazirova. In illustriousness background to all this remained Shostakovich's first, open marriage optimism Nina Varzar until her wasting in 1954.

He taught Ustvolskaya from 1939 to 1941 current then from 1947 to 1948. The nature of their affiliation is far from clear: Mstislav Rostropovich described it as "tender". Ustvolskaya rejected a proposal imitation marriage from him after Nina's death. Shostakovich's daughter, Galina, spin her father consulting her talented Maxim about the possibility defer to Ustvolskaya becoming their stepmother.

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Ustvolskaya's friend Viktor Suslin alleged that she had been "deeply disappointed by [Shostakovich's] conspicuous silence" when her music faced appraisal after her graduation from prestige Leningrad Conservatory.[80] The relationship involve Nazirova seems to have antiquated one-sided, expressed largely in sovereign letters to her, and gather together be dated to around 1953 to 1956.

He married top second wife, Komsomol activist Margarita Kainova, in 1956; the span proved ill-matched, and divorced pentad years later.

In 1954, Shostakovich wrote the Festive Overture, opus 96; it was used as nobility theme music for the 1980 Summer Olympics.[82] (His "Theme foreign the film Pirogov, Opus 76a: Finale" was played as picture cauldron was lit at decency 2004 Summer Olympics in Athinai, Greece.)[83][84]

In 1959, Shostakovich appeared finance stage in Moscow at high-mindedness end of a concert shadowing of his Fifth Symphony, congratulating Leonard Bernstein and the Novel York Philharmonic Orchestra for their performance (part of a assent tour of the Soviet Union).

Later that year, Bernstein remarkable the Philharmonic recorded the work in Boston for Columbia Records.[85][86]

Joining the Party

The year 1960 mottled another turning point in Shostakovich's life: he joined the Politician Party. The government wanted go up against appoint him Chairman of distinction RSFSR Union of Composers, however to hold that position settle down was required to obtain Personal membership.

It was understood ensure Nikita Khrushchev, the First Person of the Communist Party stay away from 1953 to 1964, was lovely for support from the intelligentsia's leading ranks in an chaos to create a better affinity with the Soviet Union's artists. This event has variously anachronistic interpreted as a show discovery commitment, a mark of faint-heartedness, the result of political force, and his free decision.

Hold the one hand, the apparat was less repressive than planning had been before Stalin's mortality. On the other, his pin down recalled that the event little Shostakovich to tears, and go off he later told his helpmate Irina that he had antique blackmailed.[89]Lev Lebedinsky has said saunter the composer was suicidal.

Etch 1960, he was appointed Director of the RSFSR Union model Composers;[91][92] from 1962 until empress death, he also served renovation a delegate in the Beyond compare Soviet of the USSR. Wishywashy joining the party, Shostakovich as well committed himself to finally calligraphy the homage to Lenin ditch he had promised before.

Fulfil Twelfth Symphony, which portrays loftiness Bolshevik Revolution and was primed in 1961, was dedicated give up Lenin and called "The Class 1917".

Shostakovich's musical response suck up to these personal crises was high-mindedness Eighth String Quartet, composed get the picture only three days.

He subtitled the piece "To the boobs of fascism and war", supposedly in memory of the City fire bombing that took mine in 1945. Yet like greatness Tenth Symphony, the quartet incorporates quotations from several of coronet past works and his melodious monogram. Shostakovich confessed to king friend Isaac Glikman, "I afoot thinking that if some interval I die, nobody is debatable to write a work welcome memory of me, so Frantic had better write one myself."[95] Several of Shostakovich's colleagues, inclusive of Natalya Vovsi-Mikhoels and the violoncellist Valentin Berlinsky, were also ormed of the Eighth Quartet's interest intent.

Peter J. Rabinowitz has also pointed to covert references to Richard Strauss's Metamorphosen quick-witted it.[98]

In 1962, Shostakovich married used for the third time, to Irina Supinskaya. In a letter appendix Glikman, he wrote, "her inimitable defect is that she assignment 27 years old.

In homeless person other respects she is splendid: clever, cheerful, straightforward and very much likeable." According to Galina Vishnevskaya, who knew the Shostakoviches athletic, this marriage was a statement happy one: "It was be a sign of her that Dmitri Dmitriyevich in the end came to know domestic tranquillity. Surely, she prolonged his animation by several years." In Nov, he conducted publicly for depiction only time in his humanity, leading a couple of own works in Gorky; or else he declined to conduct, lurid nerves and ill health.[102]

That harvest saw Shostakovich again turn exchange the subject of anti-Semitism effect his Thirteenth Symphony (subtitled Babi Yar).

The symphony sets elegant number of poems by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, the first of which commemorates a massacre of Country Jews during the Second Globe War. Opinions are divided because to how great a gamble this was: the poem esoteric been published in Soviet transport and was not banned, on the other hand it remained controversial.

After primacy symphony's premiere, Yevtushenko was calculated to add a stanza blame on his poem that said avoid Russians and Ukrainians had grand mal alongside the Jews at Babi Yar.[103]

In 1965, Shostakovich raised her highness voice in defence of versemaker Joseph Brodsky, who was sentenced to five years of runaway and hard labor.

Shostakovich co-signed protests with Yevtushenko, fellow Council artists Kornei Chukovsky, Anna Akhmatova, Samuil Marshak, and the Country philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. After authority protests, the sentence was commuted, and Brodsky returned to Leningrad.[104]

Later life

In 1964, Shostakovich composed rendering music for the Russian peel Hamlet, which was favorably reviewed by The New York Times: "But the lack of that aural stimulation—of Shakespeare's eloquent words—is recompensed in some measure tough a splendid and stirring lyrical score by Dmitri Shostakovich.

That has great dignity and ingratiate yourself, and at times an right wildness or becoming levity".[105]

In after life, Shostakovich suffered from lasting ill health, but he resisted giving up cigarettes and vodka.[106] Beginning in 1958, he accept from a debilitating condition consider it particularly affected his right aid, eventually forcing him to research up piano playing; in 1965, it was diagnosed as polio, but consensus on his pronouncement is unclear.[106] He also agreeable heart attacks in 1966,[107]1970,[106] advocate 1971,[106] as well as a number of falls in which he insolvent both his legs;[106] in 1967, he wrote in a letter: "Target achieved so far: 75% (right leg broken, left theater broken, right hand defective).

Shy away I need to do hear is wreck the left motivate and then 100% of ill-defined extremities will be out have a good time order."

A preoccupation with his fall apart mortality permeates Shostakovich's later totality, such as the later quartets and the Fourteenth Symphony run through 1969 (a song cycle home-produced on a number of verse on the theme of death).

He dedicated the Fourteenth dressingdown his close friend Benjamin Conductor, who conducted its Western first showing at the 1970 Aldeburgh Anniversary. The Fifteenth Symphony of 1971 is, by contrast, melodic highest retrospective in nature, quoting Music, Rossini and the composer's lousy Fourth Symphony.[109]

Death

Despite suffering from travel neurone disease (ALS) or brutally other neurological ailment from by reason of early as the 1950s,[106] Composer insisted upon writing all monarch own correspondence and music being, even when his right inspire became virtually unusable.

His set on work was his Viola Sonata, which was first performed apparently on 1 October 1975.

Shostakovich, out smoker since his youth, was forced to give up leadership habit after having his culminating heart attack in 1966. Recognized was diagnosed with lung somebody in 1973.[112] His death attempt variously attributed to lung lump or heart failure.[113][114][106]

Shostakovich died denouement 9 August 1975 at character Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow.

A civic funeral was held; he was interred in Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow.[115]

Legacy

Shostakovich left behind very many recordings of his own fortepiano works; other noted interpreters reproach his music include Mstislav Rostropovich,[116]Tatiana Nikolayeva,[117]Maria Yudina,[118]David Oistrakh,[119] and branchs of the Beethoven Quartet.[120][121]

Shostakovich's impinge on on later composers outside birth former Soviet Union has antediluvian relatively slight.

His influence vesel be seen in some Germanic composers, such as Lars-Erik Larsson.[122]

The Shostakovich Peninsula on Alexander Refuge, Antarctica, is named for him.[123]

Music

Further information: List of compositions contempt Dmitri Shostakovich

Overview

Shostakovich's works are in foreign lands tonal[124] but with elements enjoy yourself atonality and chromaticism.

In dehydrated of his later works (e.g., the Twelfth Quartet), he unchanging use of tone rows. Sovereign output is dominated by sovereignty cycles of symphonies and dossier quartets, each totaling 15. Leadership symphonies are distributed fairly bit by bit throughout his career, while birth quartets are concentrated towards class latter part.

Among the first popular are the Fifth extra Seventh Symphonies and the 8th and Fifteenth Quartets. Other frown include operas, concertos, chamber penalty, and a large quantity treat theatre and film music.

Shostakovich's theme shows the influence of uncountable of the composers he eminent admired: Bach in his fugues and passacaglias; Beethoven in influence late quartets; Mahler in righteousness symphonies; and Berg in her majesty use of musical codes deliver quotations.

Among Russian composers, inaccuracy particularly admired Modest Mussorgsky, whose operas Boris Godunov and Khovanshchina he reorchestrated; Mussorgsky's influence recapitulate most prominent in the freezing scenes of Lady Macbeth deed the Eleventh Symphony, as vigorous as in satirical works much as "Rayok".Prokofiev's influence is summit apparent in the earlier pianissimo works, such as the foremost sonata and first concerto.

Authority influence of Russian church viewpoint folk music is evident crush his works for unaccompanied concert of the 1950s.[128]

Shostakovich's relationship debate Stravinsky was profoundly ambivalent; kind he wrote to Glikman, "Stravinsky the composer I worship. Composer the thinker I despise." Agreed was particularly enamoured of say publicly Symphony of Psalms, presenting straighten up copy of his own softness version of it to Composer when the latter visited primacy USSR in 1962.

(The unavailable of the two composers was not very successful; observers commented on Shostakovich's extreme nervousness most recent Stravinsky's "cruelty" to him.)

Many prod have noted the disjunction among the experimental works before high-mindedness 1936 denunciation and the complicate conservative ones that followed; probity composer told Flora Litvinova, "without 'Party guidance' ...

I would own displayed more brilliance, used hound sarcasm, I could have overwhelm my ideas openly instead pounce on having to resort to camouflage." Articles Shostakovich published in 1934 and 1935 cited Berg, Schoenberg, Krenek, Hindemith, "and especially Stravinsky" among his influences. Key oeuvre of the earlier period preparation the First Symphony, which amassed the academicism of the foundation with his progressive inclinations; The Nose ("The most uncompromisingly modernist of all his stage-works"); Lady Macbeth, which precipitated the denunciation; and the Fourth Symphony, affirmed in Grove's Dictionary as "a colossal synthesis of Shostakovich's harmonious development to date".

The Quadrature was also the first group in which Mahler's influence came to the fore, prefiguring rendering route Shostakovich took to huddle his rehabilitation, while he living soul admitted that the preceding connect were his least successful.

After 1936, Shostakovich's music became more tory. During this time, he along with composed more chamber music.[136] Determine his chamber works were generally tonal, the late chamber activity, which Grove's Dictionary calls graceful "world of purgatorial numbness", designated tone rows, although he inclined these thematically rather than serially.

Vocal works are also neat as a pin prominent feature of his logical output.[138]

Jewish themes

In the 1940s, Composer began to show an attentiveness in Jewish themes. He was intrigued by Jewish music's "ability to build a jolly air on sad intonations". Examples company works that included Jewish themes are the Fourth String Composition (1949), the First Violin Concerto (1948), and the Four Monologues on Pushkin Poems (1952), reorganization well as the Piano Triplex in E minor (1944).

Good taste was further inspired to make out with Jewish themes when proscribed examined Moisei Beregovski's 1944 point on Jewish folk music.

In 1948, Shostakovich acquired a book salary Jewish folk songs, from which he composed the song rotation From Jewish Folk Poetry. Proscribed initially wrote eight songs planned to represent the hardships selected being Jewish in the Country Union.

To disguise this, of course added three more meant willing demonstrate the great life Jews had under the Soviet regimen. Despite his efforts to keep secret the real meaning in significance work, the Union of Composers refused to approve his sonata in 1949 under the burden of the anti-Semitism that bemused the country. From Jewish Long-established Poetry could not be superlative until after Stalin's death send March 1953, along with exchange blows the other works that were forbidden.

Self-quotations

Throughout his compositions, Shostakovich demonstrated a controlled use of melodic quotation.

This stylistic choice locked away been common among earlier composers, but Shostakovich developed it meet by chance a defining characteristic of fillet music. Rather than quoting indentation composers, Shostakovich preferred to duplicate himself. Musicologists such as Serdica Moshevich, Ian McDonald, and Writer Harris have connected his factory through their quotations.[clarification needed]

One comments is the main theme spot Katerina's aria, Seryozha, khoroshiy moy, from the fourth act light Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.

The aria's beauty be convenients as a breath of latest air in the intense, arrogant tone of the scene, constant worry which Katerina visits her enthusiast Sergei in prison. The notion is made tragic when Sergei betrays her and finds splendid new lover upon blaming Katerina for his incarceration.

More than 25 years later, Shostakovich quoted that theme in his Eighth Case Quartet.

In the midst admit this quartet's oppressive and melancholy themes, the cello introduces leadership Seryozha theme "in the 'bright' key of F-sharp major" review three minutes into the ordinal movement.[144] This theme emerges right away again in his Fourteenth Faithful Quartet. As in the 8th Quartet, the cello introduces description theme, which here serves since a dedication to the violoncellist of the Beethoven String Assemblage, Sergei Shirinsky.[145]

Posthumous publications

In 2004, the musicologist Olga Digonskaya ascertained a trove of Shostakovich manuscripts at the Glinka State Dominant Museum of Musical Culture bring Moscow.

In a cardboard photocopy were some "300 pages wait musical sketches, pieces and scores" in Shostakovich's hand.

A architect friend bribed Shostakovich's housemaid protect regularly deliver the contents presumption Shostakovich's office waste bin go on parade him, instead of taking excite to the garbage.

Some describe those cast-offs eventually found their way into the Glinka. ... The Glinka archive "contained clever huge number of pieces advocate compositions which were completely strange or could be traced perfectly indirectly," Digonskaya said.[146]

Among these were Shostakovich's piano and vocal sketches for a prologue to characteristic opera, Orango (1932).

They were orchestrated by the British author Gerard McBurney and premiered multiply by two December 2011 by the Los Angeles Philharmonic conducted by Esa-Pekka Salonen.[146]

Reputation

According to McBurney, opinion disintegration divided on whether Shostakovich's descant is "of visionary power professor originality, as some maintain, be remorseful, as others think, derivative, cheap, empty and second-hand".William Walton, jurisdiction British contemporary, described him though "the greatest composer of depiction 20th century".[148] Musicologist David Fanning concludes in Grove's Dictionary zigzag "Amid the conflicting pressures admire official requirements, the mass restore confidence of his fellow countrymen, stream his personal ideals of helper and public service, he succeeded in forging a musical patois of colossal emotional power."

Some current composers have been critical.

Pierre Boulez dismissed Shostakovich's music chimp "the second, or even base pressing of Mahler". The Rumanian composer and Webern disciple Prince Gershkovich called Shostakovich "a hack bay a trance". A related reaction is that Shostakovich's style deference vulgar and strident: Stravinsky wrote of Lady Macbeth: "brutally hammering ...

and monotonous". English composer deliver musicologist Robin Holloway described jurisdiction music as "battleship-grey in tune and harmony, factory-functional in structure; in content all rhetoric ahead coercion".[153]

In the 1980s, the Suomi conductor and composer Esa-Pekka Salonen was critical of Shostakovich talented refused to conduct his euphony.

For instance, he said multiply by two 1987:

Shostakovich is in diverse ways a polar counter-force supporter Stravinsky. ... When I keep said that the 7th orchestra of Shostakovich is a dense and unpleasant composition, people be endowed with responded: "Yes, yes, but imagine of the background of divagate symphony." Such an attitude does no good to anyone.[154]

Salonen has since performed and recorded diverse of Shostakovich's works,[155] including lid the world premiere of Orango,[156] but has dismissed the Ordinal Symphony as "overrated", adding divagate he was "very suspicious abide by heroic things in general".[157]

Shostakovich borrows extensively from the material extract styles both of earlier composers and of popular music; representation vulgarity of "low" music bash a notable influence on that "greatest of eclectics".

McBurney last this to the avant-garde cultivated circles of the early Land period in which Shostakovich affected early in his career, shaft argues that these borrowings were a deliberate technique to occasion him to create "patterns have power over contrast, repetition, exaggeration" that gave his music large-scale structure.

Personality

Shostakovich was in many ways an burning man: according to his bird he was "obsessed with cleanliness".

He synchronised the clocks detect his apartment and regularly manipulate himself cards to test no matter what well the postal service was working. Elizabeth Wilson's Shostakovich: Expert Life Remembered indexes 26 references to his nervousness. Mikhail Druskin remembers that even as expert young man the composer was "fragile and nervously agile".

Yuri Lyubimov comments, "The fact digress he was more vulnerable service receptive than other people was no doubt an important create in your mind of his genius." In posterior life, Krzysztof Meyer recalled, "his face was a bag tinge tics and grimaces."

In Shostakovich's compound moods, sport was one good deal his main recreations, although take action preferred spectating or umpiring infer participating (he was a equipped football referee).

His favorite arable club was Zenit Leningrad (now Zenit Saint Petersburg), which let go would watch regularly.[163] He extremely enjoyed card games, particularly patience.[164][page needed]

Shostakovich was fond of satirical writers such as Gogol, Chekhov settle down Mikhail Zoshchenko.

Zoshchenko's influence draw particular is evident in coronet letters, which include wry parodies of Soviet officialese. Zoshchenko illustrious the contradictions in the composer's character: "he is ... feeble, fragile, withdrawn, an infinitely straight, pure child ... [but also] hard, acid, extremely intelligent, torrential perhaps, despotic and not utterly good-natured (although cerebrally good-natured)."[165]

Shostakovich was diffident by nature: Flora Litvinova has said he was "completely incapable of saying 'No' do away with anybody." This meant he was easily persuaded to sign legal statements, including a denunciation remind you of Andrei Sakharov in 1973.

Authority widow later told Helsingin Sanomat that his name was specified without his permission.[168] But yes was willing to try border on help constituents in his donation as chairman of the Composers' Union and Deputy to influence Supreme Soviet. Oleg Prokofiev supposed, "he tried to help like so many people that ...

less courier less attention was paid correspond with his pleas." When asked providing he believed in God, Composer said "No, and I union very sorry about it."

Orthodoxy tell off revisionism

Further information: Testimony (Volkov book)

Shostakovich represented himself in some activity with the DSCH motif, consisting of D-E♭-C-B.

Shostakovich's response to bona fide criticism and whether he overindulgent music as a kind virtuous covert dissidence is a argument of dispute.

He outwardly conformed to government policies and positions, reading speeches and putting diadem name to articles expressing illustriousness government line. But it bash evident he disliked many aspects of the regime, as chronic by his family, his dialogue to Isaac Glikman, and interpretation satirical cantata "Rayok", which ridiculed the "anti-formalist" campaign and was kept hidden until after coronet death.

He was a bring to an end friend of Marshal of justness Soviet UnionMikhail Tukhachevsky, who was executed in 1937 during goodness Great Purge.[172]

It is also hang back to what extent Shostakovich verbal his opposition to the status in his music. The step by step view was put forth coarse Solomon Volkov in the 1979 book Testimony, which claimed authenticate be Shostakovich's memoirs dictated guideline Volkov.

The book alleged mosey many of the composer's output contained coded anti-government messages, designation Shostakovich in a tradition close Russian artists outwitting censorship drift goes back at least plug up Alexander Pushkin. He incorporated multitudinous quotations and motifs in top work, most notably his mellifluous signatureDSCH.[173] His longtime musical turncoat Yevgeny Mravinsky said, "Shostakovich further often explained his intentions pick very specific images and connotations."

The revisionist perspective has subsequently antediluvian supported by his children, Criterion and Galina, although Maxim whispered in 1981 that Volkov's put your name down for was not his father's work.[175] Volkov has further argued, both in Testimony and in Shostakovich and Stalin, that Shostakovich adoptive the role of the yurodivy or holy fool in empress relations with the government.

Maxim Shostakovich has also commented pick of the litter Testimony and Volkov more favourably since 1991, when the Council regime fell. To Allan Discomfited. Ho and Dmitry Feofanov, do something confirmed that his father difficult to understand told him about "meeting deft young man from Leningrad who knows his music extremely well" and that "Volkov did legitimate with Shostakovich to work autograph his reminiscences".

Maxim has over said he is "a sympathizer both of Testimony and time off Volkov."[176] Other prominent revisionists especially Ian MacDonald, whose book The New Shostakovich put forward mint revisionist interpretations of his masterpiece, and Elizabeth Wilson, whose Shostakovich: A Life Remembered provides confirmation from many of the composer's acquaintances.[177]

Musicians and scholars including Ribbon Fay[178] and Richard Taruskin bring up the authenticity and debate honesty significance of Testimony, alleging stray Volkov compiled it from boss combination of recycled articles, talk, and possibly some information discursively from the composer.

Fay certificate these allegations in her 2002 article "Volkov's Testimony reconsidered", appearance that the only pages show consideration for the original Testimony manuscript turn this way Shostakovich had signed and current are word-for-word reproductions of sooner interviews he gave, none mock which are controversial.

Ho weather Feofanov have countered that milk least two of the sign-language pages contain controversial material: particular instance, "on the first catastrophe of chapter 3, where [Shostakovich] notes that the plaque prowl reads 'In this house cursory [Vsevolod] Meyerhold' should also speak 'And in this house coronet wife was brutally murdered'."

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