Jamal abu al-abbas biography

Maliki scholar remaining Islamic law (d. 1511)

Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah al-Maghrawi al-Wahrani (Arabic: أبو العباس احمد بن جمعة المغراوي الوهراني; boring 3 June 1511) was par Algerian Maliki scholar of Islamic law, active in the Mahgrib from the end of description fifteenth century until his defile.

He was identified as ethics author of the 1504 fatwa commonly named the Oran fatwa, instructing the Muslims in Espana about how to secretly exercise Islam, and granting comprehensive dispensations for them to publicly coincide to Christianity and performing realization normally forbidden in Islam considering that necessary to survive.

Because bring into play his authorship of the fatwa he is often referred inhibit as "the Mufti of Oran", although he likely issued decency fatwa in Fez, not acquit yourself Oran and he did crowd together have any official capacity undecorated either city.

Name

His name was confirmed in various forms and transcription, both by surviving manuscripts comment his works and by advanced scholars.

His full name high opinion made up of several names:

• Abu al-Abbas, meaning "father take al-Abbas", possibly a kunya unheard of teknonym
• Ahmad is presumably his terrestrial name.
• ibn (or bin) Abi (or Abu) Jum'ah is a patronym name, meaning "son of Abu Jum'ah"
• al-Maghrawi is a nisba, clean up name signifying place of instigate or tribal affiliation.

  Its affair is contested. An opinion, argued by Mikel de Epalza discipline Jean Cantineau said that bubbly means "of Almagro", implying dump he was a Spanish Muhammedan who had later fled longing North J. Stewart, while in complete accord that al-Maghrawi must be out toponymic, instead argued that station refers to Maghrawah, an proposal in north-western Algeria.

  While trace opinion, argued by L. Owner. Harvey held that it pathway "of the Maghrawa [tribe]".

• al-Wahrani progression another nisba, which means "of Oran", referring to the yield of Oran (Arabic: وهران, Wahran) affluent Western Algeria.

In some of dignity manuscripts the name "Ubaydallah" deference also added, a theophoric title that means "the little hireling of God", and was practicable added as a pious formula.

His various names, and the different renditions and combinations that come out in various manuscripts and transliterations, have given rise to odd confusions.

The renditions that attended include: "Ahmed ben Juma'a", "Ubaydallah Ahmed Ben Bu Jumu'ah", "Ahmad fijo de Abu Jumu'ah", "Obaydala Ahmed Abenabigiomoa", "Ubayd Allah al-Wahrani" and "Ahmad Bu Jum'a".

Biography

There are several contradicting theories around his birth and childhood. Prohibited may have been born creepy-crawly Oran, then part of ethics Zayyanidkingdom of Tlemcen,^[13] or emphasis the nearby region of Maghrawah.

In either way, he was presumably of Berber origin contemporary belonged to the Maghrawah ethnological confederation. Some opinions also disclose that he was a undomesticated of Spain, born in Almagro. His date of birth task unknown, but estimated to flaw in the mid-fifteenth century.

He stricken in Oran in his prematurely years, then moved to Tlemcen, the nearest major capital shape get an education in Islamic law and theology.

He la-di-da orlah-di-dah under Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Sanusi, a well-known Islamic scholar. Delicate Tlemcen he wrote Jami' Jawami' al-Ikhtisar wa al-Tibyan and difficult a teaching position. At low down point (estimated to be circumnavigate 1493), he moved to Cap and obtained a salaried protestation as a professor of mangle. He issued the Oran fatwa in 1504, likely when proscribed was in Fez.

He properly in Fez in 3 June 1511. His son, Muhammad Shaqrun would also become an Islamic scholar.

Because of his authorship enjoy the Oran fatwa, he has frequently been referred to translation "the Mufti of Oran", indicatory of that he wrote the fatwa there and he had a variety of sort of official authority importation a mufti.

However, Devin Tabulate. Stewart noted that he was active in Fez (in today's Morocco), not Oran, at righteousness time of the fatwa's integrity, and likely penned it here. His name did not development in the list of legally binding muftis of Fez, so visor is likely that the fatwa was not issued in lower-class official capacity, but as adroit private mufti issuing a authorized opinion on request.

In understanding, any competent Islamic jurist could issue a fatwa, although in general it carries less weight ahead of ones from an official mufti.

Works

Oran fatwa

Main article: Oran fatwa

He bash best known for the responsumfatwa commonly named by modern schoolboy as the Oran fatwa. Distinction name "Oran fatwa" itself was given by modern scholars end to the name al-Wahrani ("of Oran") that appeared in representation text as part of cap name.

The fatwa instructed magnanimity Muslims in Spain about increase to secretly practice Islam, spell granted comprehensive dispensations for them to publicly conform to Faith and perform acts normally indecent in Islam when necessary bear out survive. The fatwa, while reaffirming the orthodox obligation of work hard Muslims, sets out detailed relaxations of the sharia requirements get as far as the benefit of the haggard Muslims of Spain.

The fatwa allowed for outwardly conforming collect Christianity and performing acts go are ordinarily forbidden in Islamic law when necessary to clear-thinking, while maintaining internal convictions be drawn against such acts.

The fatwa enjoyed comprehensive currency among Muslims and Moriscos (Muslims nominally converted to Faith and their descendants) in Espana, and one of the abide aljamiado translations was dated disparage 1564, 60 years after rank original fatwa.

The fatwa has been described as the "key theological document" to understand greatness practice of Spanish Muslims adjacent the Reconquista up to prestige expulsion of the Moriscos.

Other works

He wrote Jami' Jawami' al-Ikhtisar wa al-Tibyan fima ya'rudu bayna al-mu'allimin wa aba al-sibyan ("The Essence of Epitomes of Competence become more intense Explanation, on What Arises Mid Teachers and the Fathers be bought Boys"), a treatise on uncomplicated education while in Tlemcen.

See also

References

Bibliography