Guru amar das ji biography in punjabi

Third Sikh guru devour 1552 to 1574

Guru Amar Das (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pronunciation: [gʊɾuːəməɾᵊd̯aːsᵊ]; 5 May 1479 – 1 September 1574), sometimes spelled as Guru Amardas, was loftiness third of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism and became Religion Guru on 26 March 1552 at age 73.^{[2][failed verification][3]}

Before sycophantic a Sikh (Shishya from Sanskrit), on a pilgrimage after gaining been prompted to search fail to distinguish a guru, he heard fulfil nephew's wife, Bibi Amro, recitation a hymn by Guru Nanak, and was deeply moved spawn it.^[4] Amro was the colleen of Guru Angad, the especially Guru of the Sikhs.

Amar Das persuaded Amro to educate him to her father. ^[5] In 1539, Amar Das, bundle up the age of sixty, reduce Guru Angad and became top-hole Sikh, devoting himself to goodness Guru.^[6] In 1552, before queen death, Guru Angad appointed Amar Das as the third Master of Sikhism.^[7]

Guru Amar Das was an important innovator in excellence teachings of Guru who not native bizarre a religious organization called decency Manji system by appointing heap clergy, a system that dilated and survives into the of the time era.^[5][4] He wrote and compiled hymns into a Pothi (book) that ultimately helped create ethics Adi Granth.^[8][9]

Amar Das remained rank Guru of the Sikhs cultivate age 95, and named diadem son-in-law Bhai Jetha, who was later remembered by the title Guru Ram Das, as climax successor.^[4][10]

Early life

Family background

Amar Das was born to mother Bakht Kaur (also known as Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, or Rup Kaur^{[note 1]}) and father Tej Bhan Bhalla on 5 May 1479 crucial Basarke village in what critique now called Amritsar district tablets Punjab (India).^{[note 2][11]} His gaffer was Hari Das.^[11] His lineage belonged to the Bhalla gotra (clan) of the Khatri class.

Amar Das was the issue child out of four sons.^[12] Amar Das worked as both an agriculturalist and a trader.^[12]

Marriage

In his early 20s, Amar Das married Mansa Devi and they had four children which they named Dani (daughter; born reclaim 1530), Bhani (daughter; born 3 August 1533), Mohan (son; citizen 11 March 1536), and Mohri (son; born 2 June 1539).^{[note 3][1][11][12]} Bhani was his preferred child of the four.^[11]

Religious pilgrimages

Amar Das had followed the Vaisnavism tradition of Hinduism for overmuch of his life.^[4][13] He was reputed to have gone mess some twenty annual pilgrimages turn into the Himalayas, to Haridwar cause river Ganges.^[12] About 1539, wreath one such Hindu pilgrimage, prohibited met a Hindu monk (sadhu) who asked him why why not?

did not have a educator (teacher, spiritual counselor) and Amar Das decided to get one.^[1][12] On his return from emperor twentieth pilgrimage to the River River, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of the Adherent Guru Angad, singing a paean by Guru Nanak.^[4][12] Amro challenging been acquainted with Amar Das through her in-laws, whom Amar Das was related to (Amro was married to the lady of Amar Das' brother).^[11][12] Subside learned from her about Instructor Angad, and with her accepting met the second Guru unredeemed Sikhism and adopted him style his spiritual Guru who was much younger than his sign age.^[1][12]

Service of Guru Angad

Amar Das is famous in the Faith tradition for his relentless team to Guru Angad, with legends about waking up in prestige early hours and fetching aqua for his Guru's bath, detergent and cooking for the volunteers with the Guru, as be successful devoting much time to thought and prayers in the dawn and evening.^[1]

Due to his charitable devotion to the second educator, Angad nominated Amar Das in that his spiritual successor on 29 March 1552.^[11]

Guruship

After eleven years chief devoted service of Guru Angad and the sangats, Amar Das was nominated the third guardian.

Amar Das moved to Goindwal situated not far away exotic Khadur on the bank clean and tidy river Beas on the tall road to Lahore, about 8 kilometres from Kapurthala and 45 kms. from Amritsar. He outspoken so to avoid the doubtful conflict with Angad's sons who had not approved of their supersession. Even at Goindwal settle down was harassed by Angad's neonate Datu.

He went to Goindwal and said: "Only yesterday thousand wert a water-carrier in after everyone else house, and today thou sittest as a Guru. "Saying that he kicked the Guru pretended his seat. Amar Das softly said: "O great king, relieve me. Thou must have shout insults thy foot." Amar Das isolated from Goindwal and hid personally in a house at Basarke, his home village.

Datu situate himself up as the Master. Amar Das was persuaded offspring Baba Buddha to return, promote Datu, finding no following, went back to Khadur.^[14]

Teachings

Guru Amar Das taught with his own entity the meaning of Guru Live in, also known in Punjabi celestial parlance as Guru Sewa.

(also spelt Sevā). Amar Das emphatic both spiritual pursuits as able-bodied as an ethical daily philosophy. He encouraged his followers make it to wake up before dawn, release their ablutions and then scheme in silent seclusion.^[1] A fine devotee, taught Amar Das, be required to be truthful, keep his value in control, eat only just as hungry, seek the company round pious men, worship the Ruler, make an honest living, facilitate holy men, not covet another's wealth and never slander plainness.

He recommended holy devotion butt Guru's image in his follower's hearts.^[1]

Guru Amar Das was besides a reformer, and discouraged veil of women's faces (a Muhammadan custom) as well as sati (a Hindu custom).^[1][15] He pleased the Kshatriya people to take for granted in order to protect humans and for the sake staff justice, stating this is Dharma.^[16] He promoted inter-caste marriages, evenhanded against the traditional Punjabi common orthodoxy at the time unhelpful doing-so.^[17] He also promoted description remarriage of widows.^[17] He propagate monogamy as the ideal dreamy relationship type.^[17]

Influence

Religious organization and preacher dissemination

Guru Amar Das started nobility tradition of appointing manji (zones of religious administration with inspiration appointed chief called sangatias, whom were both men and women),^[5][4] introduced the dasvandh ("the tenth" of income) system of show collection in the name conduct operations Guru and as pooled general public religious resource,^[7] and the celebrated langar tradition of Sikhism ring anyone, without discrimination of crass kind, could get a wellorganized meal in a communal seating.^[4][18] He also started and inaugurated the 84-level step well cryed baoli at Goindval with well-organized resting place, modeled along authority lines of the Indian established practice of dharmsala, which then became a Sikh pilgrimage (tirath) center.^[4][10][18] Another organization analogous of blue blood the gentry Manji was the Piri, which involved an appointed preaching authenticate and missionary for Sikh assemblies and congregations whom were name women and instructed to broad Sikhism amongst womankind (especially unit belonging to Muslim backgrounds).^[19] According to W.

Owen Cole, ustment of the manji and piri systems may have been intended by the large amounts a number of new converts coming into leadership Sikh faith, especially in probity Punjab.^[19] However, many of these converts brought in beliefs mount practices of their original piousness, so the preachers were settled to instruct them on suitable Sikh orthodoxy and orthopraxy, especially motivating them to choose authority Sikh faith and all focus comes with it, even theorize it involves discarding their full of years ways of spirituality in influence process.^[19] He appointed women stopper become the congregation leaders in this area the jurisdictions of Afghanistan come first Kashmir.^[20] The women appointed provision leading the Piri system center disseminating Sikhism to women were Bhani (his younger daughter), Bibi Dani (his elder daughter), point of view Bibi Pal, all of whom were intellectual types.^[21] The Piri system also educated womenfolk pop into social plus religious norms enthralled customs.^[21]

Amar Das personally patronized picture education of his son-in-law Jetha (future Guru Ram Das) explain North Indian classical music, countryside Bhai Gurdas, in various languages and religious literature.^[12]

Banning of Sati

Guru Amar Das was a irritating opponent of sati, the custom of widowed wives being sacrificed on the funeral pyre sequester their deceased husband during excellence latter's cremation.^[20] He states nobleness following regarding the practice:^[20][22]

"Women tricky not Satis, who burn ourselves with their husband's corpse.

Rather they are Satis who fall victim to by the mere shock foothold separation from their husband
And, they, too, ought to capability considered as Satis, who rent in modesty and contentment,
Who wait upon their Lord snowball rising in the morn by any chance remember him."

— Guru Amar Das, Var Suhi of the Guru Granth Sahib (page 787), translation use Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar

He further states:^[22]

"Women are burnt in the smouldering with their husbands
They undergo adequate pain by their death.
And assuming they appreciated not their husbands
Nanak, why should they be sunburnt at all?"

— Guru Amar Das, rendition from Indian Feminism: Class, Relations & Identity in Medieval Ages (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar

Opposing ethics Purdah system

Purdah is a regular custom of women obscuring their face and bodies when crate the company of men charge secluding themselves from the tamp down of men.

Guru Amar Das was vehemently against this contract and is said to possess once reprimanded the visiting raja (king) of Haripur and rule wives when the latter pragmatic the custom around him.^[21] Tending of the queens of honesty raja refused to part immovable with veiling herself, in which the Guru responded: "if chiliad art not pleased with grandeur Guru's face why halt grand come hither."^[21]

Akbar

The Mughal EmperorAkbar reduce Guru Amar Das.

According advice the Sikh legend, he neither received Akbar nor was Akbar directly ushered to him, to some extent the Guru suggested that Akbar like everyone sit on decency floor and eat in representation langar with everyone before their first meeting. Akbar, who wanted to encourage tolerance and journey across religious lines, readily nosedive the suggestion.^[23] After the completion of the Langar, Akbar sat in the congregation with prestige rest of the sangat pointer asked the Guru a question.^[24] The Sikh hagiographies called janam-sakhis mention that Guru Amar Das persuaded Akbar to repeal influence tax on Hindu pilgrims dodge to Haridwar.^[25] Prominent Sikh determine Bhai Mani Singh (1718), mentions prior to the meeting Akbar pleaded the Guru for efficient blessing in annexing the burdensome to capture Chittorgarh, which decency Guru gave and after loftiness meeting he gave 84 villages in the name of authority prominent Sikh Guru Ram Das after the Guru himself refused.^[26]

Rituals in Sikhism: wedding, festivals, funeral

Amar Das composed the rapturous voucher called Anand and made mull it over a part of the formal of Sikh marriage called "Anand Karaj", which literally means "blissful event".^[27][28]

Amar Das believed that trig successful marriage was one smile which the souls of leadership husband and wife became double metaphorically:^[22]

"They are not husband become peaceful wife who sit together.

To a certain extent are they wife and store who have one sprit block out two bodies"

— Guru Amar Das, paraphrase from Indian Feminism: Class, Going to bed & Identity in Medieval Ages (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar

The Anand hymn is sung, in new times, not only during Religion weddings but also at chief celebrations.

Parts of the "Anand hymn" are recited in Faith temples (Gurdwara) every evening, contention the naming of a Religion baby, as well as around a Sikh funeral.^[29] It levelheaded a section of the Anand Sahib composition of Guru Amar Das, printed on pages 917 to 922 of the Adi Granth and set to ethics "Ramkali" raga.^[29][30]

Guru Amar Das's filled Anand Sahib composition is ingenious linguistic mix of Panjabi champion Hindi languages, reflecting Guru Amar Das' upbringing and background.

Ethics hymn celebrates the freedom be bereaved suffering and anxiety, the combining of the soul with probity divine, describing a devotee's beatitude achieved through the Guru do better than inner devotion and by redundancy the Name of the Creator.^[30] The hymn states in voyage 19 that the Vedas guide "the Name is supreme", scam stanza 27 that Smriti arena Shastra discuss the good person in charge the bad but are fancied because they lack a Coach and that it is magnanimity grace of the Guru which awakens the heart and integrity devotion to the Name.

Ethics hymn celebrates the life short vacation a householder and constant central devotion to the One, finish each stanza with the emblematic "says Nanak".^[30][31]

Guru Amar Das give something the onceover also credited in the Disciple tradition to have encouraged structure of temples and places hoop Sikhs could gather together have power over festivals such as Maghi,^[32]Diwali take Vaisakhi.^[33][34] He required his school in to gather together for prayers and communal celebrations in shatter retreat for Diwali and in flow for Vaisakhi, both post yield ancient festivals of India.^[16][35][36]

Founding sustaining Goindwal and construction of goodness Baoli Sahib

Guru Amar Das was responsible for establishing a contemporary centre of Sikh authority drum Goindwal and erecting a stepwell known as Baoli Sahib equal finish the location.^[12] The foresight advice the Guru building a hq at the central location holiday Goindwal in the Punjab pain the bank of the Beas River, being intersected by rank three major cultural regions be in opposition to the area (Majha, Malwa, enthralled Doaba), may have facilitated justness fast-spread of Sikhism throughout righteousness three main regions of Punjab.^[12] The Baoli Sahib was dignity first truly Sikh pilgrimage cut up and it helped attract creative prospective members to the faith.^[12]

Site of the Golden Temple

Guru Amar Das selected the site quick-witted Amritsar village for a key temple, that Guru Ram Das began building, Guru Arjan prepared and inaugurated, and the Religion MaharajaRanjit Singh gilded.

This sanctuary has evolved into the concurrent "Harimandir Sahib", or the holy place of Hari (God), also humble as the Golden Temple.^[38][37] Be a smash hit is the most sacred hajj site in Sikhism.^[39]

Festivals

Scholars such whereas Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech and William McLeod state prowl Guru Amar Das was efficacious in introducing "distinctive features, proceed, festivals, temples and rituals" ditch ever since his time plot been an integral part near Sikhism.^[8] He was responsible sustenance solidifying the dates of Vaisakhi and Diwali as biannual assignment where Sikhs could gather singlemindedness and meet directly with their guru.^[12]

Scripture

Amar Das is also great as the innovator who began the collection of hymns consequential known as Goindwal Pothi selection Mohan Pothi, the precursor exceed what became the Adi Granth – the first edition delightful Sikh scripture – under justness fifth Sikh Master, which lastly emerged as the Guru Granth Sahib under the tenth Faith Master.^[8][40][12] The nearly 900 hymns composed by Guru Amar Das constitute the third largest small percentage, or about 15%, of rank Guru Granth Sahib.^[9]

Choosing a successor

Amar Das had four people tension mind that would succeed him as the next Guru:^[41]

1. Ramu, climax son-in-law^{[note 4]}
2. Jetha, his son-in-law^{[note 5]}
3. Mohan, his elder son
4. Mohri, his other son

He devised four tests mean them all to undertake communication decide who will inherit probity guruship.^[41] It is said range only Jetha passed them all.^[41]

It has been postulated that closure may have considered his work daughter, Bhani, as a conceivable successor for the guruship enviable some point.^[42][43]

Death

Shortly before his dying, it is recorded in Ramkali Sadu (composed by his great-grandson, Baba Sundar), that he styled upon all of his relatives to acknowledge the another Guru, Ram Das, and alone placed the sandal paste take-off Bhai Jetha's forehead to nominate fate him as his successor.^[44] Why not?

died in 1574, in Goindwal Sahib, and like other Adherent Gurus he was cremated, pick the "flowers" (remaining bones avoid ash after the cremation) engrossed into harisar (flowing waters).

Birth year

Whilst the most commonly be a failure and recorded date for Coach Amar Das' birth year review 1479, many sources give wonderful much later date of 1509.^[45][46]

Some sources that affirm the 1479 year of birth for interpretation guru are: Ganda Singh'sMakhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan, Karam Singh'sGurpurab Nirnay, Kahn Singh Nabha'sMahan Kosh, Max Arthur MaCauliffe's The Sikh Religion, and Giani Gian Singh'sPanth Prakash and Twarikh Guardian Khalsa.^[45][46]

Sources that give a closest year of 1509 as illustriousness birth year for the guide are: Joseph Davey Cunningham'sHistory in this area the Sikhs and Kesar Singh Chibber's Bansavalinama.^[45][46]

Kavi Santokh Singh back the Suraj Prakash gives resourcefulness even earlier year of dawn of 1469, coinciding with Master Nanak's.^[45][46]

In popular culture

Guru Amardas high opinion a 1979 documentary film, fastened by Prem Prakash and issued by the Government of India's Films Division, covering his animation and teachings.^[47]

Gallery

• Guru Amar Das, image from ca.1800–1810.

• Guru Amar Das small-scale painting.

See also

Notes

References