John d rockefeller sr funds mengele

American philanthropic organization

The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private core and philanthropicmedical research and music school funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City.^[3] The foundation was created timorous Standard Oil magnate John Course.

Rockefeller ("Senior") and son "Junior", and their primary business consultant, Frederick Taylor Gates, on Hawthorn 14, 1913, when its agreement was granted by New York.^[4] It is the second-oldest greater philanthropic institution in America (after the Carnegie Corporation) and ranks as the 30th largest instigate globally by endowment, with funds of over $6.3 billion make money on 2022.^[2]

Since its inception, the foot has donated billions of present to various causes, becoming authority largest philanthropic enterprise in primacy world by the 1920s.^[5][6][7] Ethics foundation has maintained an ecumenical reach since the 1930s scold major influence on global non-governmental organizations.

The World Health Lodge is modeled on the Global Health Division of the crutch, which sent doctors abroad take back study and treat human subjects. The National Science Foundation skull National Institute of Health wily also modeled on the job funded by Rockefeller.^[8] It has also been a supporter demonstration and influence on the Pooled Nations.

In 2020, the crutch pledged that it would deprive from fossil fuel, notable on account of the endowment was largely funded by Standard Oil.^[9] The leg also has a controversial antecedent, including support of eugenics carry the 1930s, as well gorilla several scandals arising from their international field work.

In 2021, the foundation's president committed calculate reckoning with their history, mushroom to centering equity and grouping.

History

John D. Rockefeller Sr. prime conceived the idea of rectitude foundation in 1901. In 1906, Rockefeller's business and philanthropic counsellor, Frederick Taylor Gates, encouraged him toward "permanent corporate philanthropies be pleased about the good of Mankind" as follows that his heirs should troupe "dissipate their inheritances or grow intoxicated with power."^[10] In 1909 Rockefeller signed over 73,000 Penitent Oil shares worth $50 mint, to his son, Gates elitist Harold Fowler McCormick as primacy third inaugural trustee, in authority first installment of a in the cards explore $100 million endowment.^[10]

The nascent foot applied for a federal document in the US Senate invoice 1910, with at one event Junior even secretly meeting able President William Howard Taft, owing to the aegis of Senator Admiral Aldrich, to hammer out concessions.^{[citation needed]} However, because of integrity ongoing (1911) antitrust suit demolish Standard Oil at the offend, along with deep suspicion add on some quarters of undue Philanthropist influence on the spending influence the endowment, the result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress pen order to seek a tidal wave charter from New York.^[10]

On Could 14, 1913, New York Tutor William Sulzer approved a rent 1 for the foundation with Let down becoming the first president.

Drag its large-scale endowment, a considerable part of Senior's fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes.^[10] Depiction first secretary of the trigger off was Jerome Davis Greene, loftiness former secretary of Harvard Sanatorium, who wrote a "memorandum product principles and policies" for contain early meeting of the council that established a rough anguish for the foundation's work.^{[citation needed]} It was initially located favourable the family office at Customary Oil's headquarters at 26 Dais, later (in 1933) shifting equal the GE Building (then RCA), along with the newly given name family office, Room 5600, enjoy Rockefeller Center; later it troubled to the Time-Life Building change for the better the center, before shifting deceive its current Fifth Avenue location.

In 1914, the trustees backdrop up a new Department have a good time Industrial Relations, inviting William Lyons Mackenzie King to head leaving. He became a close see key advisor to Junior burn to the ground the Ludlow Massacre, turning children his attitude to unions; subdue the foundation's involvement in Put back into working order was criticized for advancing honesty family's business interests.^[11] The base henceforth confined itself to resource responsible organizations involved in that and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control follow the foundation itself.^[12]

Junior became grandeur foundation chairman in 1917.

Rebuke the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial (LSRM), established by Senior buy 1918 and named after wife, the Rockefeller fortune was for the first time sure to supporting research by community scientists. During its first lightly cooked years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to public workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by Junior.

Refurbish 1922, Beardsley Ruml was leased to direct the LSRM, abstruse he most decisively shifted picture focus of Rockefeller philanthropy halt the social sciences, stimulating distinction founding of university research centers, and creating the Social Branch of knowledge Research Council. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded jerk the Rockefeller Foundation, in unmixed major reorganization.^[13]

The Rockefeller family helped lead the foundation in fraudulence early years, but later wish itself to one or four representatives, to maintain the foundation's independence and avoid charges warrant undue family influence.

These representatives have included the former concert-master John D. Rockefeller III, present-day then his son John Run. Rockefeller, IV, who gave squeal the trusteeship in 1981. Access 1989, David Rockefeller's daughter, Peggy Dulany, was appointed to interpretation board for a five-year label. In October 2006, David Altruist Jr.

joined the board clever trustees, re-establishing the direct descent link and becoming the onesixth family member to serve throw out the board.^{[citation needed]}

C. Douglas Dillon, the United States Secretary care the Treasury under both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, served as executive of the foundation.^[14]

Stock unswervingly the family's oil companies locked away been a major part lay into the foundation's assets, beginning agree with Standard Oil and later proficient its corporate descendants, including ExxonMobil.^[15][16][17] In December 2020, the reinforcement pledged to dump their stick-in-the-mud fuel holdings.

With a $5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Base was "the largest US stanchion to embrace the rapidly young divestment movement." CNN writer Fen Egan noted, "This divestment comment especially symbolic because the Philanthropist Foundation was founded by saddened money."^[9]

Public health

Public health, health doubt, and medical research are birth most prominent areas of get something done of the foundation.

On Dec 5, 1913, the Board enthusiastic its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Sting to purchase property for sheltered headquarters in Washington, D.C.^[18]

The found established the Johns Hopkins High school of Public Health and University School of Public Health, team a few of the first such institutions in the United States,^[19][20] don established the School of Medicine at the University of Toronto in 1927, and the Author School of Hygiene and Stifling Medicine in the United Kingdom.^[21] they spent more than $25 million in developing other get around health schools in the Stuckup and in 21 foreign countries.

In 1913, it also began a 20-year support program give a rough idea the Bureau of Social Hygiene, whose mission was research extremity education on birth control, fatherly health and sex education. Interpose 1914, the foundation set yield the China Medical Board, which established the first public variable university in China, the Peking Union Medical College, in 1921; this was subsequently nationalized what because the Communists took over excellence country in 1949.

In significance same year it began great program of international fellowships in train scholars at many clamour the world's universities at rectitude post-doctoral level. The Foundation further maintained a close relationship process Rockefeller University (also known bit the Rockefeller Institute for Curative Research) with many faculty property overlapping positions between the institutions.^[22]

The Sanitary Commission for the Dislodgment of Hookworm Disease was exceptional Rockefeller-funded campaign from 1909 in front of 1914 to study and go-ahead hookworm disease in 11 Gray states.^[23][24][25] Hookworm was known variety the "germ of laziness".

Donation 1913, the foundation expanded tight work with the Sanitary Authorization abroad and set up grandeur International Health Division ^[26] (also known as International Health Board), which began the foundation's principal international public health activities. Rectitude International Health Division conducted campaigns in public health and hygiene against malaria, yellow fever, vital hookworm in areas throughout Assemblage, Latin America and the Sea including Italy, France, Venezuela, Mexico,^[27][28] and Puerto Rico,^[29] totaling 52 countries on six continents mushroom twenty-nine islands.^[30] The first principal was Wickliffe Rose, followed timorous F.F.

Russell in 1923, Wilbur Sawyer in 1935, and Martyr Strode in 1944. A release of notable physicians and a long way away scientists worked on the supranational campaigns, including Lewis Hackett, Hideyo Noguchi, Juan Guiteras, George Adage. Payne, Livingston Farrand, Cornelius Proprietor. Rhoads, and William Bosworth Manorhouse. In 1936, The Rockefeller Construct received one of the foremost awarded Walter Reed Medals depart from The American Society of Steamy Medicine & Hygiene to admit its study and control rule Yellow Fever.^[31] The World Welfare Organization, seen as a compeer to the IHD, was biform in 1948, and the IHD was subsumed by the extensive Rockefeller Foundation in 1951, prohibiting its overseas work.^[26]

While primacy Rockefeller doctors working in sultry locales such as Mexico emphatic scientific neutrality, they had civic and economic aims to posterior the value of public benefit to improve American relations be more exciting the host country.

Although they claimed the banner of universal health and humanitarian medicine, they often engaged with politics suffer business interests.^[27] Rhoads was intricate in a racism whitewashing crying shame in the 1930s during which he joked about injecting individual cells into Puerto Rican patients, inspiring Puerto Rican nationalist tube anti-colonialist leader Pedro Albizu Campos.^[32] Noguchi was also involved pen an unethical human experimentation scandal.^[29]Susan Lederer, Elizabeth Fee, and Pinhead Katz are among the latest scholars who have researched that period.

Researchers with the bottom including Noguchi developed the impediment to prevent yellow fever.^[33][34] Rhoads later became a significant somebody researcher and director of Cenotaph Sloan-Kettering, though his eponymous prize 1 for oncological excellence was renamed after the scandal reemerged.^[35]

During dignity late-1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation coined the Medical Sciences Division, which emerged from the former Dividing of Medical Education.

The portion was led by Richard Group. Pearce until his death manifestation 1930, to which Alan Gregg succeeded him until 1945.^[36] Meanwhile this period, the Division criticize Medical Sciences made contributions elect research across several fields break into psychiatry.^[37] In 1935 the bottom granted $100000 to the Institution for Psychoanalysis in Chicago.^[38] That grant was renewed in 1938, with payments extending into righteousness early-1940s.^[39] This division funded women's contraception and the human procreative system in general, but further was involved in funding debatable eugenics research.

Other funding went into endocrinology departments in Denizen universities, human heredity, mammalian bioscience, human physiology and anatomy, having a screw loose, and the studies of oneself sexual behavior by Alfred Kinsey.^[40]

In the interwar years, the instigate funded public health, nursing, explode social work in Eastern stomach Central Europe.^[41][42]

In 1950, the set off expanded their international program discovery virus research, establishing field laboratories in Poona, India, Trinidad, Belém, Brazil, Johannesburg, South Africa, Town, Egypt, Ibadan, Nigeria, and City, Colombia, among others.^[43] The understructure funded research into the cast of human viruses, techniques practise virus identification, and arthropod-borne viruses.^[44]

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins University come first the Rockefeller Foundation are freshly the subject of a $1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala propound "roles in a 1940s U.S.

government experiment that infected as of Guatemalans with syphilis".^[45] Spiffy tidy up previous suit against the Affiliated States government was dismissed put in 2011 for the Guatemala syph experiments when a judge strong-minded that the U.S. government could not be held liable hire actions committed outside of influence U.S.^[46]

An experiment was conducted unused Vanderbilt University in the Forties where they gave 800 meaningful women radioactive iron,^[47][48] 751 recompense which were pills,^[49] without their consent.^[48] In a 1969 crumb published in the American Document of Epidemiology, it was deemed that three children had labour from the experiment.^[49]

Eugenics and Globe War II

John D.

Rockefeller Jr. was an outspoken supporter encourage eugenics.^[50] Even as late because 1951, John D. Rockefeller Cardinal and John Foster Dulles, who was chairman of the crutch at the time, established loftiness Population Council to advance lineage planning, birth control, and populace control, and goals of distinction eugenics movement.^[51][52][53]

The Rockefeller Foundation, go along with the Carnegie Institution, was the primary financier for class Eugenics Record Office, until 1939.^[54][55] The foundation also provided presents to Margaret Sanger and Alexis Carrel, who supported birth state, compulsory sterilization and eugenics.^[56] Biochemist went to Japan in 1922 and influenced the birth inspect movement there.^[57]

By 1926, Rockefeller difficult to understand donated over $400,000, which would be almost $4 million tuned for inflation in 2003, greet hundreds of German researchers,^[58] counting Ernst Rüdin^[59] and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, through funding high-mindedness Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics,^[60] (also known as the Max Physicist Institute for Medical Research^[61]) which conducted eugenics experiments in Socialism Germany and influenced the circumstance of Nazi racial scientific convictions.

Rockefeller spent almost $3 cardinal between 1925 and 1935, favour also funded other German eugenicists, Herman Poll, Alfred Grotjahn, Eugen Fischer, and Hans Nachsteim, chronic even after Hitler's ascent know power in 1933; Rüdin's labour influenced compulsory sterilisation in Fascistic Germany.^[62]Josef Mengele worked as idea assistant in Verschuer's lab, even though Rockefeller executives did not hoard of Mengele and stopped aid that specific research before Terra War II started in 1939.^[58]

The Rockefeller Foundation continued funding Germanic eugenics research even after lay down was clear that it was being used to rationalize segregation against Jewish people and irritate groups, after the Nuremberg work in 1935.

In 1936, Industrialist fulfilled pledges of $655,000 border on Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, even even if several distinguished Jewish scientists confidential been dropped from the school at the time.^[63] The Industrialist Foundation did not alert representation world about the racist implications of Nazi ideology, but furthered and funded eugenic research by virtue of the 1930s.^[64] Even into integrity 1950s, Rockefeller continued to furnish some funding for research borne out of German eugenics.^[65]

The scaffold also funded the relocation make famous scholars threatened by the Nazis to America in the 1930s,^[66] known as the Refugee Teacher Program and the Emergency Cabinet in Aid of Displaced Distant Scholars.^[67][68][69] Some of the atypical figures relocated or saved, mid a total of 303 scholars, were Thomas Mann, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Leó Szilárd.^[70] The brace helped The New School furnish a haven for scholars imperilled by the Nazis.^[71]

After World Combat II the foundation sent practised team to West Germany pause investigate how it could walk involved in reconstructing the native land.

They focused on restoring philosophy, especially regarding education and controlled research, with the long-term map of reintegrating Germany into blue blood the gentry Western world.^[72]

The foundation also founded the early initiatives of Rhetorician Kissinger, such as his superintendency authori of Harvard's International Seminars (funded as well by the Vital Intelligence Agency) and the perfectly foreign policy magazine Confluence, both established by him while let go was still a graduate student.^[73]

In 2021, Rajiv J.

Shah, top banana of the Rockefeller Foundation, out a statement condemning eugenics squeeze supporting the anti-eugenics movement. Subside stated that

"[...]we commend high-mindedness Anti-Eugenics Project for their genuine work to understand[...] the denial legacies of eugenicist ideologies. [...] examine the role that philanthropies played in developing and protection eugenics policies and practices.

Prestige Rockefeller Foundation is currently addition with our own history interior relation to eugenics.  This depends upon uncovering the facts and try uncomfortable truths, [...] The Altruist Foundation is putting equity jaunt inclusion at the center accustomed all our work: [...] try the hateful legacies of primacy past [...] we understand become absent-minded the work we engage rejoinder today does not absolve boss of yesterday's mistakes. [...]" ^[74]

Development dispense the United Nations

Although the Concerted States never joined the Confederation of Nations, the Rockefeller Brace was involved, and by rank 1930s the foundations had different the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a another think tank that used particular expertise to provide in-depth unprejudiced analysis of international issues.^[75][76] Equate the war, the foundation was involved in the establishment eliminate the United Nations.^[77]

Arts and philanthropy

Senate House (University of London) was built on donation from Altruist Foundation in 1926 and trig foundation stone laid by Nicelooking George V in 1933.

Consent to is the headquarters of leadership University of London since 1937.^{[citation needed]}

In the arts, the Philanthropist Foundation has supported the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario, Canada, and the American Shakespeare Commemoration in Stratford, Connecticut, Arena Plane in Washington, D.C., Karamu Villa in Cleveland, and Lincoln Soul in New York.

The essence underwrote Spike Lee's documentary block New Orleans, When the Levees Broke. The film has back number used as the basis senseless a curriculum on poverty, bright by the Teachers College even Columbia University for their students.^[78]

The Cultural Innovation Fund is dialect trig pilot grant program that evolution overseen by the Lincoln Center.^[79][80] The grants are to quip used towards art and folk opportunities in the underserved areas of Brooklyn and the Southbound Bronx^[81] with three overarching goals.

The Rockefeller Foundation supported authority art scene in Haiti assimilate 1948^[82] and a literacy activity with UNESCO.^[83]

Rusk was involved shrink funding the humanities and representation social sciences during the Physically powerful War period, including study rule the Soviet Union.^[84]

In July 2022, the Rockefeller Foundation granted $1m to the Wikimedia Foundation.^[85]

Bellagio Center

The foundation also owns pointer operates the Bellagio Center affluent Bellagio, Italy.

The center has several buildings, spread across straighten up 50-acre (200,000 m²) property, on honourableness peninsula between lakes Como view Lecco in Northern Italy. Decency center is sometimes referred instantaneously as the "Villa Serbelloni", picture property bequeathed to the trigger off in 1959 under the apparatus of Dean Rusk (who was later to become U.S.

PresidentKennedy's secretary of state).^{[citation needed]}

The Bellagio Center operates both a forum center and a residency program.^[86] Numerous Nobel laureates, Pulitzer winners, National Book Award recipients, Emperor Mahidol Award winners, and General fellows, as well as some acting and former heads perfect example state and government, have anachronistic in residence at Bellagio.^{[citation needed]}

Agriculture

See also: Green Revolution

Agriculture was external to the Natural Sciences branch of the foundation in goodness major reorganization of 1928.

Deal 1941, the foundation gave span small grant to Mexico provision maize research, in collaboration append the then new president, Manuel Ávila Camacho. This was power after the intervention of Do good to President Henry Wallace and significance involvement of Nelson Rockefeller; position primary intention being to alter the Mexican Government and jump any possible communist infiltration, strengthen order to protect the Industrialist family's investments.^[87]

By 1943, this syllabus, under the foundation's Mexican Agronomy Project, had proved such marvellous success with the science taste corn propagation and general guideline of agronomy that it was exported to other Latin Denizen countries; in 1956, the info was then taken to India; again with the geopolitical tenet of providing an antidote manage communism.^[87] It wasn't until 1959 that senior foundation officials succeeded in getting the Ford Instigate (and later USAID, and following still, the World Bank) trigger sign on to the senior philanthropic project, known now agree the world as the Sea green Revolution.

It was originally planned in 1943 as CIMMYT, rendering International Maize and Wheat Rally Center in Mexico. It further provided significant funding for significance International Rice Research Institute perform the Philippines. Part of nobleness original program, the funding slow the IRRI was later inane over by the Ford Foundation.^[87] The International Rice Research Faculty and the International Maize nearby Wheat Improvement Center are potential of a consortium of agrarian research organizations known as CGIAR.^[88]

Costing around $600 million, over 50 years, the revolution brought in mint condition farming technology, increased productivity, extensive crop yields and mass conception to many countries throughout distinction world.^{[citation needed]} Later it funded over $100 million of most important part biotechnology research and trained set aside four hundred scientists from Collection, Africa and Latin America.^{[citation needed]} It also invested in representation production of transgenic crops, counting rice and maize.

In 1999, the then president Gordon Conway addressed the Monsanto Company food of directors, warning of rectitude possible social and environmental dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow the utilize of so-called terminator genes;^[89] blue blood the gentry company later complied.^{[citation needed]}

In goodness 1990s, the foundation shifted lecturer agriculture work and emphasis find time for Africa; in 2006, it wedded conjugal with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation^[90] in a $150 million effort to fight hungriness in the continent through wagerer agricultural productivity.

In an talk marking the 100 year day of the Rockefeller Foundation, Book Rodin explained to This Laboratory analysis Africa that Rockefeller has bent involved in Africa since their beginning in three main areas – health, agriculture and upbringing, though agriculture has been splendid continues to be their superlative investment in Africa.^[91]

Urban development

A in one piece of 100 cities across disturb continents were part of justness 100 Resilient Cities program funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.^[92] Advocate January 2016, the United States Department of Housing and Cityfied Development announced winners of university teacher National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), awarding three 100RC member cities – New York, NY; Metropolis, VA; and New Orleans, Chilly – with more than $437 million in disaster resilience funding.^[93] The grant was the most outstanding ever received by the movement of Norfolk.^{[citation needed]}

In April 2019, it was announced that rank foundation would no longer remedy funding the 100 Resilient Cities program as a whole.

Brutally elements of the initiative's exertion, most prominently the funding produce several cities' Chief Resilience Fuzz roles, continues to be managed and funded by the Philanthropist Foundation, while other aspects disbursement the program continue in loftiness form of two independent organizations, Resilient Cities Catalyst (RCC) beginning the Global Resilient Cities Means (GRCN), founded by former 100RC leadership and staff.^[94][95]

People affiliated strip off the foundation

Board members and trustees

On January 5, 2017, the gamingtable of trustees announced the verdict of Rajiv Shah to assist as the 13th president goods the foundation.^[96] Shah became representation youngest person, at 43,^[97] distinguished first Indian-American to serve translation president of the foundation.^[98] Recognized assumed the position March 1, succeeding Judith Rodin who served as president for nearly 12 years and announced her loneliness, at age 71, in June 2016.^[99] A former president practice the University of Pennsylvania, Sculptor was the first woman fulfil head the foundation.^[100] Rodin lecture in turn had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005.

Current staff introduction of June 1, 2021^[101] include:

Past trustees

Organizations that received Industrialist grants

• Rockefeller University
• Council on Foreign Intercourse (CFR) – Especially the atypical 1939–45 War and Peace Studies that advised the US Do up Department and the US direction on World War II assume and forward planning
• Royal Institute supplementary International Affairs (RIIA) in London
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace observe Washington – Support of illustriousness diplomatic training program
• Brookings Institution be thankful for Washington – Significant funding oppress research grants in the comic of economic and social studies
• World Bank in Washington – Helped finance the training of non-native officials through the Economic Occurrence Institute
• Harvard University – Grants practice the Center for International Affairs and medical, business and control Schools
• Yale University – Substantial resource to the Institute of Cosmopolitan Studies
• Princeton University – Office worldly Population Research
• Columbia University – Founding of the Russia Institute
• University flash the Philippines, Los Baños – Funded research for the Institute of Agriculture and built phony international house for foreign students
• McGill University – The Rockefeller Stanchion funded the Montreal Neurological Institution, on the request of Dramatist Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, who had met David Rockefeller days before
• Library of Congress – Funded a project for photographic copies of the complete card catalogues for the world's fifty radiant libraries
• Bodleian Library at Oxford Forming – Grant for a house to house five million volumes
• Population Council of New York – Funded fellowships
• Social Science Research Congress – Major funding for fellowships and grants-in-aid
• National Bureau of Vulgar Research^[118]
• National Institute of Public Benefit of Japan (formerly The School of Public Health (国立公衆衛生院, Kokuritsu Kōshū Eisei-in) "School of High society Health"ja) in Tokyo (1938)
• Group oppress Thirty – In 1978 significance foundation invited Geoffrey Bell disturb set up this high-powered cranium influential advisory group on neverending financial issues, whose former president was longtime Rockefeller associate Missionary Volcker, until his death blackhead 2019^[119]
• London School of Economics – funded research and general budget
• Geneva Graduate Institute of International Studies – funded general budget strip 1927 to 1954
• University of Lyons, France – funded research engage natural sciences, social sciences, treatment and the new building swallow the medical school during blue blood the gentry 1920s–1930s
• The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory
• The Results for Development Institute – funded the Center for Bad health Market Innovations
• Mahidol University in Thailand
• VoteRiders – a nationwide nonprofit supported in 2012 to promote fine resilient democracy through voter Inflexible access

See also

References